Plasma Donation Side Effect - With the rising popularity of plasma donation, this blog post aims to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the side effects associated with this altruistic act. By the end of this guide, readers will have a clearer picture of what to expect before donating plasma Hello friends, how are you all?Nov 20, 2015 · A new study concludes that regular blood donors are not at a greater risk of a premature death than those who rarely donate blood. The results even suggest that the most frequent donors may live longer than those who have only given blood a few times. "My response to the results is primarily of relief. Those who have donated a lot of blood live ... Potential Side Effects. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates plasma collection in the United States. For most people, donating plasma does not cause any side effects, but some donors can experience fatigue, bruising, bleeding, or dehydration. Additionally, you may feel dizzy or lightheaded. While not typical, fainting can also occur.That was when I saw an ad offering $50 per plasma donation: blood money, or more specifically, payment for my time and any small pain involved in the process of having protein-rich plasma ...Oct 21, 2016 · The first long term risk that you face from donating plasma is that you face more of a chance of getting sick due to lower immunoglobulin levels. According to the Asia-Pacific Economics blog, it can be sen that there is a 10 percent reduction in the antibodies that prevent illness from occurring. To separate the plasma from the blood, some donation centers make use of anti-coagulants. This makes the process faster and easier; however, these anti-coagulants remove the calcium from the blood. If this calcium isn't replaced before returning the blood to the body, there will be short and long term health effects on the plasma donors. Apr 16, 2023 · Effects of Citrate Reaction After Plasma Donation. The effects of citrate reaction after plasma donation include the following: Hypocalcemia: Citrate binds to calcium, leading to low calcium levels in the blood. This can result in numbness, muscle cramps, and spasms after plasma donation. Cardiac complications: Citrate can affect the heart’s ... The Cons of Donating Plasma Fatigue, occasional nausea. Don’t expect to do anything strenuous for the rest of the day. What are the negative side effects of donating plasma? For most people, donating plasma does not cause any side effects, but some donors can experience fatigue, bruising, bleeding, or dehydration. Additionally, you may feel ... Mar 17, 2023 · What Are the Long Term Side Effects of Donating Plasma Regularly? The long term side effects of donating plasma regularly include: Dehydration Iron deficiency Temporarily decrease in protein levels. In rare cases, it may also cause vein damage and scarring. What Happens if You Donate Plasma 3 Times a Week? Donating plasma 3 times a week is not ... The first long term risk that you face from donating plasma is that you face more of a chance of getting sick due to lower immunoglobulin levels. According to the Asia-Pacific Economics blog, it can be sen that there is a 10 percent reduction in the antibodies that prevent illness from occurring.To separate the plasma from the blood, some donation centers make use of anti-coagulants. This makes the process faster and easier; however, these anti-coagulants remove the calcium from the blood. If this calcium isn't replaced before returning the blood to the body, there will be short and long term health effects on the plasma donors. Sep 21, 2016 · Long term Vs. Short term effects. If you are a regular donor of plasma then, you will feel side effects such as tired feeling, dehydration, chest pain, dizziness or a sore arm. Donors who do not donate plasma regularly will have to face short term side effects but, donors who donate plasma regularly will have to face long term side effects. Nov 20, 2015 · A new study concludes that regular blood donors are not at a greater risk of a premature death than those who rarely donate blood. The results even suggest that the most frequent donors may live longer than those who have only given blood a few times. "My response to the results is primarily of relief. Those who have donated a lot of blood live ... A happier, longer life. One blood donation can save up to three lives, according to DeSimone. People usually donate because it feels good to help others, and altruism and volunteering have been linked to positive health outcomes, including a lower risk for depression and greater longevity.A happier, longer life. One blood donation can save up to three lives, according to DeSimone. People usually donate because it feels good to help others, and altruism and volunteering have been linked to positive health outcomes, including a lower risk for depression and greater longevity.May 3, 2023 · Check out this post to know what are the Long Term Side Effects of Donating Plasma Regularly. 2. Fainting. This is a common complication that occurs during plasma donation. It is often caused by dehydration or low blood sugar. May 15, 2023 · What are side effects of donating plasma? As mentioned above, there is risk of low immunoglobulin levels because it takes time for the levels to replenish. Those who donate frequently and long term may also be at risk for anemia from incidental loss of red cells during donation. Platelet counts replenish very quickly too. That's why you can do plasma and platelet pheresis fairly frequently. If you meet the physical requirements for donating, it's extremely unlikely you'd have any long term effects. If you think it's having a negative effect, try spacing the donations out farther and see if it helps. Using too much of this medicine may cause citrate toxicity or hypocalcemia (low calcium in the blood). Tell your doctor right away if you have confusion, convulsions, muscle spasms, numbness or tingling sensation around the mouth, fingertips, or feet, or unusual tiredness or weakness.Most healthy adults can donate a pint (about half a liter) safely, without health risks. Within a few days of a blood donation, your body replaces the lost fluids. And after two weeks, your body replaces the lost red blood cells. How you prepare Eligibility requirements. To be eligible to donate whole blood, plasma or platelets, you must be:Mar 10, 2022 · Potential Side Effects. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates plasma collection in the United States. For most people, donating plasma does not cause any side effects, but some donors can experience fatigue, bruising, bleeding, or dehydration. Additionally, you may feel dizzy or lightheaded. While not typical, fainting can also occur. why you shouldn't donate plasma, has anyone died from donating plasma, what do they test for when you donate plasma, does donating plasma filter fat from your blood, plasma donation weight chartAug 26, 2010 · Plasma replenishes quickly in your system and most facilities (BioLife included) return your red blood cells to you when the donation cycle is finished. Avoid eating fatty foods or drinking pop or alcohol less than a day before donating. Drinking those can dehydrate you and fatty foods can make your plasma more difficult to extract. Concerns for lymphopenia in plateletpheresis donors were reported in the 1980s, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration previously required informed consent from plateletpheresis donors acknowledging that long-term effects of lymphocyte reduction were uncertain. 3-7 This requirement was dropped in 2007, given the lack of convincing data on ...In rare cases, a person may experience a more severe adverse effect, such as: low blood pressure. muscle contractions. breathing difficulty. fainting. vomiting. convulsions. These effects are more ...No doubt, donating plasma is a good deed, but the donor may have to face few side effects. Fortunately, any health issues that may occur after donating plasma, are not at all serious and may occur once in a while. They might be bothersome, but last temporarily. They are given below: If you are a regular plasma donor, check my article on the Long Term Side Effects of Donating Plasma Regularly for an understanding of the potential side effects that you could have in the longer term. The Tattoo Screening Process for Plasma Donation. Here is the tattoo screening process for plasma donation:Potential Side Effects. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates plasma collection in the United States. For most people, donating plasma does not cause any side effects, but some donors can experience fatigue, bruising, bleeding, or dehydration. Additionally, you may feel dizzy or lightheaded. While not typical, fainting can also occur.The side effects and risks of donating plasma Medically reviewed by Cynthia Taylor Chavoustie, MPAS, PA-C Plasma is a component in blood, and donating it can help others combat serious illnesses.Bone marrow donation. Collecting stem cells from bone marrow is a type of surgery done in the operating room. Anesthesia is used for the procedure to keep donors from feeling pain. Needles are inserted through the skin and into the back of the pelvic bone to draw the marrow out of the bone. This process usually takes 1 to 2 hours.I’ve been donating for over 3 years and haven’t had any health issues or side effects from donating and a lot of other folks I know who donate haven’t seemed to have any issues either. Donating plasma is not for everyone but I feel BioLife is vastly better than CSL when it comes to choosing which company I’d go with.What Are The Side Effects Of Donating Plasma Too Often? Dehydration. Hydration helps the human body maintain proper circulation, pumps up the veins to make the blood flow... Hypocalcemia. This procedure may deplete the calcium levels in the body since, occasionally, plasma donation centers may... ...To separate the plasma from the blood, some donation centers make use of anti-coagulants. This makes the process faster and easier; however, these anti-coagulants remove the calcium from the blood. If this calcium isn't replaced before returning the blood to the body, there will be short and long term health effects on the plasma donors. Side efects are typically limited to lightheadedness or bruising at the needle site. People giving plasma for the first time, younger adults, and people with low weights tend to experience these side efects more often than others.For several days before starting the donation process, the donor is given a daily injection (shot) of a drug that causes the bone marrow to make and release a lot of stem cells into the blood. Filgrastim can cause some side effects, the most common being bone pain and headaches.Mar 17, 2023 · The long term side effects of donating plasma regularly include: Dehydration; Iron deficiency; A temporary decrease in protein levels. In rare cases, it may also cause vein damage and scarring. To discover how to prevent having scars from plasma donation, check out my post on Does Donating Plasma Leave Scars? What Happens if You Donate Plasma 3 ... Dec 29, 2022 · Donating plasma regularly has several health benefits, but there are some side effects that you need to be aware of. These include… 12.5.6 LONG-TERM BLOOD DONOR COMPLICATIONS. - The most recognised and studied long term complication is iron deficiency, more frequently associated with whole blood donation (35). The collection of 450 or 500 mL of whole blood, plus an additional 30 to 50 mL for blood tests, results in 480 to 550 mL of blood loss per whole-blood donation. Check out this post to know what are the Long Term Side Effects of Donating Plasma Regularly. 2. Fainting. This is a common complication that occurs during plasma donation. It is often caused by dehydration or low blood sugar.More serious risks of donating plasma may be a drop in blood pressure, which can result in light-headedness or fainting. Some people experience this as a result of fear of needles or having blood drawn. Other possible side effects include sweating and paleness, weakness, sudden warmness, or nausea or vomiting.Side effects Feeling faint or dizzy. The loss of fluid can lead to dehydration and cause some people to feel lightheaded during and... Localized allergic reaction. Before inserting the needle, the phlebotomist uses a disinfectant to cleanse the arm. A... Bruising and bleeding. Some people experience ...In rare cases, a person may experience a more severe adverse effect, such as: low blood pressure. muscle contractions. breathing difficulty. fainting. vomiting. convulsions. These effects are more ...Donating plasma regularly has several health benefits, but there are some side effects that you need to be aware of. These include…Severe symptoms include: spasms vomiting shock irregular pulse cardiac arrestSome plasma financial centers allow regular plasma donation. This begs the question: How often can you donate plasma or is it healthy? Get a quick physical assessment, sit in a chair for approximately one total and running out with extra cash.That was when I saw an ad offering $50 per plasma donation: blood money, or more specifically, payment for my time and any small pain involved in the process of having protein-rich plasma ...Aug 25, 2006 · Using too much of this medicine may cause citrate toxicity or hypocalcemia (low calcium in the blood). Tell your doctor right away if you have confusion, convulsions, muscle spasms, numbness or tingling sensation around the mouth, fingertips, or feet, or unusual tiredness or weakness. 12.5.6 LONG-TERM BLOOD DONOR COMPLICATIONS. - The most recognised and studied long term complication is iron deficiency, more frequently associated with whole blood donation (35). The collection of 450 or 500 mL of whole blood, plus an additional 30 to 50 mL for blood tests, results in 480 to 550 mL of blood loss per whole-blood donation. Researchers have noticed that there can be a 10% reduction in the antibodies that can be produced by the human body when regular plasma donations are occurring. 4. It creates immediate dehydration. When plasma is being removed from the body, what is generally being taken out from the blood supply is water-based.Some of the common side effects that will affect the people are: 1. Problems Caused by Bruising: It has been said that 2 percent of the 6000 donors will experience the side effects from the blood donation. Among the one percent of the donors who get affected by the negative reaction, the majority of the side effects are categorised as minor ... Some of the common side effects that will affect the people are: 1. Problems Caused by Bruising: It has been said that 2 percent of the 6000 donors will experience the side effects from the blood donation. Among the one percent of the donors who get affected by the negative reaction, the majority of the side effects are categorised as minor ...Some of the common side effects that will affect the people are: 1. Problems Caused by Bruising: It has been said that 2 percent of the 6000 donors will experience the side effects from the blood donation. Among the one percent of the donors who get affected by the negative reaction, the majority of the side effects are categorised as minor ...Aug 24, 2015 · Plasma is the fluid component of blood, and it is very important. Plasma is critical to forming blood clots to prevent excessive bleeding, and it is vital in fighting diseases. When donating plasma, a sample of blood will be taken, and then the plasma is separated from the other blood cells. The other blood cells are then returned to your body. Sep 22, 2020 · Illness. People who have a fever, productive cough, or are feeling generally unwell shouldn’t donate. This also applies to people who are currently receiving antibiotics for active infections.... Mar 17, 2023 · The long term side effects of donating plasma regularly include: Dehydration; Iron deficiency; A temporary decrease in protein levels. In rare cases, it may also cause vein damage and scarring. To discover how to prevent having scars from plasma donation, check out my post on Does Donating Plasma Leave Scars? What Happens if You Donate Plasma 3 ... Side effects Feeling faint or dizzy. The loss of fluid can lead to dehydration and cause some people to feel lightheaded during and... Localized allergic reaction. Before inserting the needle, the phlebotomist uses a disinfectant to cleanse the arm. A... Bruising and bleeding. Some people experience ...Jan 22, 2021 · Donating plasma on regular basis is a different story with different side effects. Plasma cannot be donated more than twice a week, with a 48 hour gap between two donations. Some of the side effects associated with donating plasma regularly can include seizures, difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, vomiting, a skin rash (often associated with ... Aug 13, 2023 · Long-Term Side Effects Of Donating Plasma Regularly Blood donations are an amazing gift, but they do come with some risks. You may experience low immunoglobulin levels if you donate too frequently or long term- this can lead to sicknesses like fatigue and even weaken your immune system! Long term Vs. Short term effects. If you are a regular donor of plasma then, you will feel side effects such as tired feeling, dehydration, chest pain, dizziness or a sore arm. Donors who do not donate plasma regularly will have to face short term side effects but, donors who donate plasma regularly will have to face long term side effects.The Cons of Donating Plasma Fatigue, occasional nausea. Don’t expect to do anything strenuous for the rest of the day. What are the negative side effects of donating plasma? For most people, donating plasma does not cause any side effects, but some donors can experience fatigue, bruising, bleeding, or dehydration. Additionally, you may feel ... Effects of Citrate Reaction After Plasma Donation. The effects of citrate reaction after plasma donation include the following: Hypocalcemia: Citrate binds to calcium, leading to low calcium levels in the blood. This can result in numbness, muscle cramps, and spasms after plasma donation. Cardiac complications: Citrate can affect the heart’s ...Side efects are typically limited to lightheadedness or bruising at the needle site. People giving plasma for the first time, younger adults, and people with low weights tend to experience these side efects more often than others.Plasma contains many things that can't be synthesized (notably antibodies) and doesn't contain cells, so both statements are just plain untrue. Plasma donation experiences vary widely, but the best centers are fast, efficient, pay 20-50 dollars per visit, and I know donors who have been doing it regularly 2x a week for 8 or more years.To separate the plasma from the blood, some donation centers make use of anti-coagulants. This makes the process faster and easier; however, these anti-coagulants remove the calcium from the blood. If this calcium isn't replaced before returning the blood to the body, there will be short and long term health effects on the plasma donors. The Cons of Donating Plasma Fatigue, occasional nausea. Don’t expect to do anything strenuous for the rest of the day. What are the negative side effects of donating plasma? For most people, donating plasma does not cause any side effects, but some donors can experience fatigue, bruising, bleeding, or dehydration. Additionally, you may feel ... Donating plasma on regular basis is a different story with different side effects. Plasma cannot be donated more than twice a week, with a 48 hour gap between two donations. Some of the side effects associated with donating plasma regularly can include seizures, difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, vomiting, a skin rash (often associated with ...Risks of Plasma Donation There are some possible side effects that occur after each plasma donation, typical for everyone. You'll probably notice that every time you donate, you feel very thirsty....Donation centers can typically screen out people who are likely to experience these side effects, which means folks who pass the initial screening process may not experience them. While the short-term side effects are more readily identifiable, research behind potential long-term changes to the health of frequent donors is still emerging.Check out this post to know what are the Long Term Side Effects of Donating Plasma Regularly. 2. Fainting. This is a common complication that occurs during plasma donation. It is often caused by dehydration or low blood sugar.Side Effects Of Plasma Donation. Feeling Nauseous. While it isn’t a long-term adverse effect, most people who considered donating plasma reported feeling sick following the procedure. It can scuttle the extent from being a little bit queasy to throwing up. If you had been one of those people who donated plasma before and you had experienced ...4. It can leave you dehydrated. It is important to know that plasma is water-based, hence regular donation can leave your body dehydrated, causing dizziness, vomiting and even fainting. 5. It can decrease your calcium. Separation of plasma from the blood involves the use of anti-coagulants, which makes the process easier and faster.Side Effects of Donating Plasma, If you donate regularly, and toes, age, of money from one plasma donation, muscle pain, because it takes that long for blood hemoglobin levels to return to normal, tiredness, find some better way to supplement income, it is recommended to take at least an hour’s rest before driving or any other physical activity. Lymphatic drainage massage can be an important tool, particularly after surgery that affects the lymph nodes. Unfortunately, lymphatic drainage is often misunderstood. Here, Mae Murakami, a physical therapist at Cedars-Sinai provides answers to some of the most pressing questions about lymphatic drainage massage. Cedars-Sinai Blog / Aug 22, 2023.Mar 17, 2023 · What Are the Long Term Side Effects of Donating Plasma Regularly? The long term side effects of donating plasma regularly include: Dehydration Iron deficiency Temporarily decrease in protein levels. In rare cases, it may also cause vein damage and scarring. What Happens if You Donate Plasma 3 Times a Week? Donating plasma 3 times a week is not ... Jan 17, 2022 · Long-Term Side Effects Of Donating Plasma Regularly There is risk of low immunoglobulin levels because it takes time for the level to replenish. Those who donate frequently and long term may also be at risk from anemia caused by incidental loss during donation, which could lead them feeling thirsty or fatigue after their procedure; however this ... These are side effects of the filgrastim injections that disappear shortly after donation. Other common side effects are nausea, trouble sleeping and tiredness. Less than one percent (0.6%) of donors experience serious side effects from filgrastim. The PBSC donation procedure can also have side effects.Long-Term Side Effects Of Donating Plasma Regularly Blood donations are an amazing gift, but they do come with some risks. You may experience low immunoglobulin levels if you donate too frequently or long term- this can lead to sicknesses like fatigue and even weaken your immune system!Nov 13, 2020 · Concerns for lymphopenia in plateletpheresis donors were reported in the 1980s, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration previously required informed consent from plateletpheresis donors acknowledging that long-term effects of lymphocyte reduction were uncertain. 3-7 This requirement was dropped in 2007, given the lack of convincing data on ... Donation centers can typically screen out people who are likely to experience these side effects, which means folks who pass the initial screening process may not experience them. While the short-term side effects are more readily identifiable, research behind potential long-term changes to the health of frequent donors is still emerging.What Are the Side Effects? Donating plasma usually has very minimal side effects for healthy adults. However, it’s important to learn the possible short-term and long-term side effects in the event you do experience them. And as always, visit your local emergency room if any symptoms worsen. Potential Short-Term Side Effects of Donating Plasma:To donate platelets, you must meet all of the requirements for whole blood donation, and also: Have donated whole blood at Mayo Clinic or double red blood cells, plasma or platelets elsewhere. Have not taken aspirin or any aspirin-containing medicine for 48 hours. You may donate platelets as often as once every eight days, and up to 24 times in ... Those who donate frequently and long term may also be at risk for anemia from incidental loss of red cells during donation. After your donation, you may feel thirsty and tired. Do they drug test plasma donations? Moss said all donated plasma is tested for HIV and all three types of hepatitis, and donors are tested regularly for syphilis.In order to donate plasma, you must: Be at least 18 years old. Be in good overall health. Weigh 110 pounds or more (50 kilograms) Pass a medical screening. Test negative for viruses that can be ...mild discomfort. bruising. headaches. dizziness. Some side effects of marrow donation include: bruising at the incision site. soreness and stiffness where the marrow was harvested. hip or back ...The Cons of Donating Plasma Fatigue, occasional nausea. Don’t expect to do anything strenuous for the rest of the day. What are the negative side effects of donating plasma? For most people, donating plasma does not cause any side effects, but some donors can experience fatigue, bruising, bleeding, or dehydration. Additionally, you may feel ... Lymphatic drainage massage can be an important tool, particularly after surgery that affects the lymph nodes. Unfortunately, lymphatic drainage is often misunderstood. Here, Mae Murakami, a physical therapist at Cedars-Sinai provides answers to some of the most pressing questions about lymphatic drainage massage. Cedars-Sinai Blog / Aug 22, 2023.
I’ve been donating for over 3 years and haven’t had any health issues or side effects from donating and a lot of other folks I know who donate haven’t seemed to have any issues either. Donating plasma is not for everyone but I feel BioLife is vastly better than CSL when it comes to choosing which company I’d go with. . Ffxiv emperor
Conclusion: Long-term intensive donor plasmapheresis under conditions investigated in this study is safe. All donors weighing > or = 70 kg are safely able to donate 850 ml of plasma in each session up to 60 times per year, provided that they are carefully monitored.Illness. People who have a fever, productive cough, or are feeling generally unwell shouldn’t donate. This also applies to people who are currently receiving antibiotics for active infections....Each donor is given a mini physical examination, but there are still some minor side effects that could occur. These include: bruising. continued bleeding. dizziness, lightheadedness, and nausea ...Risks of Plasma Donation There are some possible side effects that occur after each plasma donation, typical for everyone. You'll probably notice that every time you donate, you feel very thirsty....Each donor is given a mini physical examination, but there are still some minor side effects that could occur. These include: bruising. continued bleeding. dizziness, lightheadedness, and nausea ...The first long term risk that you face from donating plasma is that you face more of a chance of getting sick due to lower immunoglobulin levels. According to the Asia-Pacific Economics blog, it can be sen that there is a 10 percent reduction in the antibodies that prevent illness from occurring.In rare cases, a person may experience a more severe adverse effect, such as: low blood pressure. muscle contractions. breathing difficulty. fainting. vomiting. convulsions. These effects are more ...Donation centers can typically screen out people who are likely to experience these side effects, which means folks who pass the initial screening process may not experience them. While the short-term side effects are more readily identifiable, research behind potential long-term changes to the health of frequent donors is still emerging.In order to donate plasma, you must: Be at least 18 years old. Be in good overall health. Weigh 110 pounds or more (50 kilograms) Pass a medical screening. Test negative for viruses that can be ...Long-term intensive donor plasmapheresis under conditions investigated in this study is safe. All donors weighing > or = 70 kg are safely able to donate 850 ml of plasma in each session up to 60 times per year, provided that they are carefully monitored. The most common apheresis-specific reaction is hypocalcemia due to citrate anticoagulation, which, while usually mild, has the potential for severely injuring the donor. Other reactions to apheresis donation are uncommon (e.g., hypotension) or rare (e.g., air embolism). More worrisome, and in need of additional study, are the long-term effects ...No, and the refreshing news is that donating plasma will not have ripple effects on the long term performance of weightlifting or hypertrophy. Everybody takes a rest day at the gym, choosing to donate before that rest day is wise, as it can be used to recover from the plasma donation without interfering too much with the exercise routine.Side efects are typically limited to lightheadedness or bruising at the needle site. People giving plasma for the first time, younger adults, and people with low weights tend to experience these side efects more often than others.Nov 21, 2015 · Researchers wanted to know, though, if regularly giving blood might be bad for you in the long run, so they looked at millions of donors in both Sweden and Denmark. And what they found was that ... To separate the plasma from the blood, some donation centers make use of anti-coagulants. This makes the process faster and easier; however, these anti-coagulants remove the calcium from the blood. If this calcium isn't replaced before returning the blood to the body, there will be short and long term health effects on the plasma donors. Conclusion: Long-term intensive donor plasmapheresis under conditions investigated in this study is safe. All donors weighing > or = 70 kg are safely able to donate 850 ml of plasma in each session up to 60 times per year, provided that they are carefully monitored.Benefits. Donating blood has benefits for your emotional and physical health. According to a report by the Mental Health Foundation, helping others can: reduce stress. improve your emotional well ...Mar 10, 2022 · Potential Side Effects. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates plasma collection in the United States. For most people, donating plasma does not cause any side effects, but some donors can experience fatigue, bruising, bleeding, or dehydration. Additionally, you may feel dizzy or lightheaded. While not typical, fainting can also occur. Nov 13, 2020 · Concerns for lymphopenia in plateletpheresis donors were reported in the 1980s, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration previously required informed consent from plateletpheresis donors acknowledging that long-term effects of lymphocyte reduction were uncertain. 3-7 This requirement was dropped in 2007, given the lack of convincing data on ... .